EIP ASSIGMENT
Group 9
NADER SHAH
Members of group
R Mu’ammar Qadhafi (92084240)
Achmad Yani Azmi (92154026)
Fredy Novembianto (92154220)
Rian Karunianta Pratama (92613202)
Maria Yusnita (92154201)
Elok Putri Nimasari (92084201)
Nahdiya Faridatul H (92154227)
Pridarmansa Anita Hapsari (92084212)
Dinar Amalia Anggrani (92084059)
Minarti (52084230)
Dyah H.W (52084061)
STATE UNIVERSITY OF SURABAYA
LANGUAGE AND ART FACULTY
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
Chapter I
Revolutionist is a person who changes structures of social and culture quickly and related to basis or points of society life. On the other hand, revolutionist is a person who always does something thaht has a change from old system which supposed not suitable to new system which is suitable in a society. Revolution was achange radically in short time to change from old system to new system. The word of radic means basic and it can be counted in period that suitable with the object or subject that is revoluted. In revolution, the hange that happens can be planned or not and it is done without hardness or with hardness. Quickness measure in a change actually is relative, because revolution can happen in long time. Revolution has purpose to demolish, break, and grow relates to dialect, logic, romanticism, breaking and growing in order to create prosperous society that caused by some factors, not only leader figure but also all of element of struggle with the advice. The logic of revolution is how revolution can be held based on good count, revolution is not able to be fast or late. It will come on the time, romanticism revolution is values of revolution with the memory where it is built. It relates to understanding of history and how it can reach the prosperous society. Many moments and museums that describes about revolution such as in Iran.
Iran is one of oldest country in the world. The story begins on 5000BC. Iran is on across of strategic place in the middle East, West, Asian. The human lacation proof in the past time on Paleolitikum.Award period in Iran mountains found in Kerman Shah Valley. Iran had been known since the ancient time until 1935. Iran was still called Persia in the western. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlevi announced that both Iran and Persia may be used. Iran name was meant “Arya” or land of Arya Nation, Iran is limited with Azerbaijan (500 km) and Armenia (35 km) in the North. Afghanistan (936 km) and Pakistan (909 km) in the East. Turkey (500 km) and Iraq (1458 km) in the West. Persia bay and Oman bay in the South. Iran had experienced some invasion and colonialism by the other countries. One of the heroes who built Iran became great country was Nader Shah.
In the end 15th century and begins 16th century, a chieftain, Ismail, became a king in 1501 and built Safavid dynasty. Safavid dynasty led Iran until 1722, when Afghan’s armies invaded the country and held the power of Isfahan in 1730, Nader Shah, a Turkish. He was well known as Qoli Nader Beg or Qili Tahmasp Khan. In 1974 he led as Syah Iran and he was a pioneer of Afsharid. Because of his genious military, some hystorians described as Napoleon of Persia or the second Alexander. Nader Shah was a member of Turcophone Afshartrible of Northern Persia who had given military power for Safavid County since the time of Shah Ismail. Nader rose to power during a period of anarchy in Persia after a rebellion by Afghans had overthrown Shah Sultan Hossein. Both of ottomans and Russian had seized Persia territory for themselves. Nader reunited with Persia and removed the invaders. He became so powerful so that he decided to depose the last member of Safavid Dynasty that had ruled Persia for over 200 yaers and became himself in 1736. His great campaign made a big Persian empire included Afghanistan, Pakistan and part of Kaukasus. But his military spending had disadvantage effect. He also invaded Afghanistan and took the cities of Kabul Kandahar and Lahore. He defeated mogul at war of Karnal. From here, he continued to Delhi. Where he indirectly killed 30.000 civilians and took many jewels. Included peacock throne ( value at $ 1 billion dollars now) for more information, let’s go to the story of Nader Shah on next chapter.
Chapter II
Nader Shah also some people called him with Qoli Nader Beg or Qoli Tahmasp Khan ruled as Shah of Iran, and a founder of the Afsharid Dynasty. Some historian called him as ‘Napoleon of Persia’ or ‘The Second Alexander’. Nader Shah was a member of the Turcophone Afshar Tribe of Northern Persia. Nader rose to power during a period of anarchy in Persia after a rebellion by Afghans had overthrown the weak Shah Soltan Hossein, and both the the Ottomans and Russians had seized Persian territory for themselves. Nader became reunion with the Persian realm and removed the invaders. And also, he became so powerful and he tried to depose the last members of the Safavid Dynasty, and he could. He was a Shah in 1736. His campaigns created a greta Persian Empire. The territory included Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, a parts of The Caucasus region, and a parts of Central Asia. The impact of his military, Persian had spent a lot of money. Nader idolized Genghis Khan and Timur. He influenced with their military skill and especially later in his reign-their cruelty. Nader Shah’s victories made the realm became a big empire. But, his empire quickly disintegrated after he was died in 1747.
Early Life
Nader Shah was born in Dastgerd, a province in the north-east of the Persian Empire. His father, a poor peasant, died while Nader was still a child. According to legends, Nader and his mother were carried off as slaves by marauding Uzbek or Turkmen tribesmen, but Nader managed to escape. He joined a band of brigands while still a boy and eventually became their leader. Nader married the two daughters of Baba Ali Beg, a local chief.
The Fall of the Safavid dynasty
Nader grew up during the final years of the Safavid dynasty which had ruled Persia since 1502. Under such figures as Abbas the Great, Safavid Persia had been a powerful empire, but by the early 18th century the state was in serious decline and the reigning shah, Soltan Hossein, was a weak ruler. When Soltan Hussein attempted to quell a rebellion by Ghilzai Afghans in Kandahar, the governor he sent was killed. Under their leader Mahmud, the rebellious Afghans moved westwards against the shah himself and in 1722 they defeated a vastly superior force at the Battle of Golnabad and then besieged the capital, Isfahan. After the shah failed to escape to rally a relief force elsewhere, the city was starved into submission and Soltan Hussein abdicated, handing power to Mahmud. In Khorasan, Nader at first submitted to the local Afghan governor of Mashhad, Malek Mahmud, but then rebelled and built up his own small army. Soltan Hossein’s son had declared himself Shah Tahmasp II, but found little support and fled to the Qajar tribe, who offered to back him. Meanwhile, Persia's imperial rivals, the Ottomans and the Russians, took advantage of the chaos in the country to seize territory for themselves.
Defeat of the Afghans
Tahmasp and the Qajar leader Fath Ali Khan (the ancestor of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar) contacted Nader and asked him to join their cause and drive the Afghans out of Khorasan. He agreed and thus became a figure of national importance.
Nader chose not to march directly on Isfahan. First, in May 1729, he defeated the Abdali Afghans near Herat. Many of the Abdali Afghans subsequently joined his army. The new Ghilzai Afghan shah, Ashraf, decided to move against Nader but in September 1729, Nader defeated him at the Battle of Damghan and again, decisively, in November at Murchakhort. Ashraf fled and Nader finally entered Isfahan, handing it over to Tahmasp in December. Tahmasp made Nader governor over many eastern provinces, including his native Khorasan, and married him to his sister. Nader pursued and defeated Ashraf, who was murdered by his own followers. In 1738 Nader Shah besieged and destroyed Kandahar. This was the ultimate defeat of any remaining Afghan forces. Nader Shah built a new city near Kandahar, which he named "Naderabad".
Ottoman Campaign
In the spring 1730, Nader attacked Ottoman and seizuresed the most of territory was disappear when chaos, at the same time Afghan Abdali revolted and surrounded Masyhad. Nader needed 14 months to defeated Afghan Abdali.
Relation between Nader and Shah had decline because grew jealous with military success, with dont present Nader in East, tahmasp tried to campaign to regained Yerevan. He ended up losing all Nader’s recent gains to the Ottomans, and signed a delay ceding Georgia and Armenia in exchange for Tabriz.
Nader decided he could win back the territory in Armenia and Georgia by seizing Ottoman Baghdad and then offering it in exchange for the lost provinces, but his plan went badly amiss when his army was routed by the Ottoman general Topal Osman Pasha near the city in 1733. Nader decided he needed to regain the initiative as soon as possible to save his position because revolts were already breaking out in Persia. He faced Topal again with a larger force and defeated and killed him. He then besieged Baghdad, as well as Ganja in the northern provinces, earning a Russian alliance against the Ottomans. Nader scored a great victory over a superior Ottoman force at Baghavard and by the summer of 1735, Persian Armenia and Georgia were his again. In March 1735, he signed a treaty with the Russians in Ganja by which the latter agreed to withdraw all of their troops from Persian territory.
Nader becomes Shah
In January 1736, Nader held a qoroltai (a grand meeting in the tradition of Genghis Khan and Timur) on the Moghan Plain in Azerbaijan. The leading figures in Persian political and religious life attended. Nader suggested he should be proclaimed the new shah in place of the young Abbas III. Everyone agreed, many—if not most—enthusiastically, the rest fearing Nader’s anger if they showed support for the deposed Safavids. Nader was crowned Shah of Iran on March 8, 1736, a date his astrologers had chosen as being especially propitious.
Religious Policy
Nader also proposed religious reforms. The Safavids had introduced Shi'a Islam as the state religion of Persia. His own army was also a mixture of Sunni and Shi'a Muslims. Nader's other primary aim in his religious reforms was to weaken the Safavids further since Shi'a Islam had always been a major element in support for the dynasty. He had the chief mullah of Persia strangled after he was heard expressing support for the Safavids. Among his reforms was the introduction of what came to be known as the kolah-e Naderi. This was a hat with four peaks which symbolised the first four caliphs.
Invasion of India
In 1738, Nader Shah conquered Kandahar, the last outpost of the Ghilzai Afghans. His thoughts now turned to Mughal India to the south. This once powerful Muslim state was falling apart as the nobles became increasingly disobedient and the Hindu Marathas made inroads on its territory from the south-west. Its ruler Mohammed Shah was powerless to reverse this disintegration. Nader used the pretext of his Afghan enemies taking refuge in India to cross the border and capture Kabul, Ghazni and Peshawar. He then advanced deeper into India crossing the river Indus before the end of year. He defeated the Mughal army at the huge Battle of Karnal in February, 1739. After this victory, Nader captured Mohammad Shah and entered with him into Delhi. When a rumour broke out that Nader had been assassinated, some of the Indians attacked and killed Persian troops. Nader reacted by ordering his soldiers to massacre the population and plunder the city. During the course of one day (March 22) 20,000 to 30,000 Indians were killed by the Persian troops, forcing Mohammad Shah to beg for mercy.
After India
Indian campaign (1738) was the top of Nadir leadership. In this year he was forced central asia such as Uzbekistan and India. He invaded Qandahar, captured Kabul and moved to attack India. He seized and sacked Delhi. This war killed 30000 of its citizens. He also taking the Indian treasures.After that, in 1740 he invaded Transxonia and started a war with Turkey in 1743. He built a armed forced and conquered Oman.In the same year he had a problem with his family. They were suspecting each other, among his wife and his son. But Nader Shah wasn’t care with it.
Nadir became older and his health was more deteriorate. In 1743 Nadir was treated for a liver complaint. He was almost killed. Following an assassination attempt to him ,he suspected his own son ,Reza Quli Mirza (1719-1747) who want to killed him. He make his son blind as punishment. But actually, then he regretted it. After that he killed who had look his son’s blinding. He became so paranoid and killed everyone who suspected wants to assassinated him.
He developed Persian’s navy from the Indians treasures. He bought many ships in Arabian and attack Ottoman’s empire. In the 1746 Nadir was occupying Najaf.
Nadir also changed domestic policies. For example Iran’s currency. He make silver coins that called Naderi which same with Mughal rupee. He stoped a pay with ownership of land. He also changed Shahsevan becoming tribes that advocating Iran to attack Ottoman and Russia. He might changed all of the power of Iran but it isn’t make the financial better.
Nadir was a cruel king. He just used a war and brute force to reach his goals. He punish the people who be his opponent ruthlessy. He force his citizens to pay taxes for his army and campaign.
Nadir was die in 19th of June 1747 in Fathabad ,Korasan. He surprised in his sleep. He was jubed by Salah Bey with sword. But before he die, he still could killed two assassin. After that, his position replaced by his nephew Ali Qoli or called Adil Shah. But in fact Ali was a assassin of the Nadir’s murder and he was overthrown in one year. In the last history, Karim Khan, the grandchildren of Nadir became a king of Iran.
Chapter III
Nader Shah is one of revolutionists who can change reign’s system in his own country. Nader Shah was a great revolutionist because of his ability in managing, great power of military. He could make big empire of Persia, and now, it is spirited to be some countries, such as Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. He also had done many crucial the decisions that give great important global effects. In the early of his life, before he became a great revolutionist and head Persia Empire.
He was a poor family in Dastgerd, when He was young; he joined in a band of bargain. This was as the beginning of His life journey. After that, He came into military organization and He get a peak position and became a great military figure. The first action that had been done by Nader. He was getting position as a king in Persia. He kicked Safavid Dynasty away from the Persia Empire, and then He created a new dynasty that would lead Persia later. It was as Farid dynasty.
On the period of his life, Nader also created religious policy which tried to combine between two kinds of Moslem, Sunni and Shi’a Islam. In order to get a united empire which is peaceful. Nader was very proud of Genghis Khan. He liked him so much. This condition that brought him to the many wars. And this also that make Persia bankrupt. It brought Persia to the end of history when Nader was killed in 1747.
He is known as a good revolutionist who had ever seen Iranian’s power back and become the last powerful military from Middle East between Ottomans and Mughals. Nader Shah Afshar is one of revolutionists who can inspirit the other countries like Indonesia.
Reference
• Wikipedia
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